2009年8月7日，國(guo)務院總理(li)溫家寶考(kao)察無錫(xi)時提出，加快傳感網(wang)(wang)產業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展，在無錫(xi)建設(she)"感知(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)國(guo)"中(zhong)心。"感知(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)國(guo)"的(de)(de)含義很(hen)深，傳感網(wang)(wang)和物聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)產業(ye)(ye)涉及(ji)(ji)面(mian)很(hen)廣，如何把溫總理(li)的(de)(de)這一(yi)戰略發(fa)展思路(lu)與(yu)國(guo)內數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建設(she)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)化(hua)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)管理(li)的(de)(de)發(fa)展目(mu)(mu)標(biao)有(you)效結合(he)(he)，將會對(dui)本行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)多個(ge)產業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展產生重(zhong)大影響(xiang)，本文將以"包頭市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)設(she)施數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)化(hua)監控與(yu)管理(li)系統"中(zhong)應用(yong)的(de)(de)物聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)技術(shu)和數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)技術(shu)為(wei)主線以及(ji)(ji)今后如何與(yu)"感知(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)國(guo)"這一(yi)發(fa)展思路(lu)相(xiang)結合(he)(he)為(wei)技術(shu)基礎，以包頭市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建設(she)科學化(hua)管理(li)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)綜合(he)(he)平(ping)臺建設(she)為(wei)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)，就傳感網(wang)(wang)、物聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)管、數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)化(hua)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)化(hua)照明等的(de)(de)跨(kua)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)、跨(kua)平(ping)臺應用(yong)進行(xing)綜合(he)(he)論述與(yu)設(she)計規劃。

    二 國內現有數字化城市(shi)建(jian)設(she)的基礎以(yi)及今后發展方向與(yu)"感知中國"的結合

    我(wo)國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)、數字(zi)(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)建(jian)設(she)(she)取(qu)得了很(hen)大進(jin)展，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)國(guo)(guo)情決定了今后(hou)還將(jiang)在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)快進(jin)度，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)圍在(zai)(zai)擴大，人口(kou)在(zai)(zai)聚集(ji)，對城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)綜合管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)是構成(cheng)"感知(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)"和物(wu)(wu)聯(lian)網(wang)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)重要組成(cheng)部分之(zhi)一。而城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)、電(dian)力、市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)及(ji)照(zhao)(zhao)明等(deng)(deng)更是與城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)日常運行(xing)(xing)(xing)息息相關(guan)的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)。在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)數字(zi)(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迅猛(meng)發(fa)展中(zhong)(zhong)，涉及(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)包括城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)力自動化(hua)(hua)(hua)、數字(zi)(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)、數字(zi)(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)綜合管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、數字(zi)(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)照(zhao)(zhao)明監(jian)控、城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環境監(jian)測、城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)智能公共交(jiao)通等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)，隨(sui)著這(zhe)些(xie)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)發(fa)展，在(zai)(zai)包頭現(xian)有(you)許多行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)領域已經建(jian)設(she)(she)了一定的(de)物(wu)(wu)聯(lian)網(wang)基礎或(huo)者說是框架，如交(jiao)通、治(zhi)安(an)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)視頻監(jian)控系統(tong)、電(dian)力與城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)照(zhao)(zhao)明監(jian)控系統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)傳感網(wang)絡(luo)、服務(wu)于(yu)(yu)各個(ge)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)無(wu)線公用(yong)通信網(wang)絡(luo)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。但是，由于(yu)(yu)各個(ge)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)歸口(kou)不(bu)一、城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)缺乏高層(ceng)面的(de)統(tong)籌(chou)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)手段，這(zhe)些(xie)應(ying)用(yong)沒(mei)有(you)有(you)機(ji)整(zheng)合，屬于(yu)(yu)有(you)"物(wu)(wu)"、有(you)"網(wang)"，但無(wu)法"聯(lian)"，因為(wei)缺少(shao)整(zheng)體規劃、缺少(shao)對"聯(lian)"這(zhe)一技術(shu)環節的(de)有(you)效(xiao)支(zhi)持。

    三 以(yi)"感(gan)知包頭"為(wei)契機(ji)，以(yi)"物聯網"為(wei)平(ping)臺，實(shi)現城市的數字化動(dong)態管理

    隨著近年(nian)來(lai)市政建(jian)設的(de)飛速發(fa)展(zhan)，管理需求的(de)不斷(duan)升溫，已(yi)經(jing)從傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)"三遙"，擴展(zhan)到整合了遙調(diao)（遠程調(diao)壓節(jie)能）、遙視（遠程視頻監控）、遙位(wei)（遠程檢修車輛定位(wei)）、全(quan)方位(wei)防盜等多種技(ji)術的(de)統(tong)一管理平臺。

    不僅如(ru)此，市(shi)政(zheng)行(xing)業除(chu)了(le)城市(shi)照明的(de)其它(ta)領域(yu)，對于監(jian)控(kong)管理、統一(yi)調度、預警維護方面(mian)的(de)需求，更是(shi)隨著市(shi)政(zheng)建(jian)設(she)快速發(fa)展而日益(yi)迫切。在包頭，已經(jing)建(jian)成的(de)市(shi)政(zheng)處數字化管理監(jian)控(kong)中心，已對市(shi)政(zheng)處日常工作流(liu)程、調度、監(jian)控(kong)、指(zhi)揮等實(shi)現集(ji)中管理，系統建(jian)設(she)框架如(ru)下(xia)圖(tu)所示：

&n[FS:PAGE]bsp;   包頭市(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)工程管理(li)(li)(li)處在已建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)"市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)設(she)施數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)監(jian)控與管理(li)(li)(li)系統"的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，以溫總理(li)(li)(li)提出(chu)"感知中(zhong)國"的(de)(de)發展綱要為(wei)契(qi)機，將繼續大力提升(sheng)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)管理(li)(li)(li)各(ge)個(ge)行業(ye)的(de)(de)數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)管理(li)(li)(li)水(shui)平，擴大城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)管理(li)(li)(li)部門對城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)照明、給排(pai)水(shui)、路橋、環衛(wei)、公交、綜合治安(an)等各(ge)個(ge)微觀環節(jie)的(de)(de)監(jian)控范圍，提高監(jian)控的(de)(de)技(ji)術手段，進而整合到城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)綜合管理(li)(li)(li)系統中(zhong)，形成(cheng)(cheng)未(wei)來城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)科技(ji)化(hua)、人性化(hua)管理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)。

    四 以城市市政設施為管理對象，運用多種傳感網技術，實現城市的數字(zi)化動態管理

    城市(shi)管理覆(fu)蓋面較廣，其應(ying)用的技術(shu)也涉(she)及多個(ge)行(xing)業，而(er)這多個(ge)行(xing)業又相(xiang)互關聯，要達到"感知包頭"的目的，如(ru)何實現包頭城市(shi)的"物聯"，實現動態綜合管理，可以從(cong)點(dian)、線、面、三維、動態三維等多個(ge)層(ceng)面推進技術(shu)應(ying)用--

    點(dian)(dian)：擴大點(dian)(dian)的(de)覆蓋(gai)范(fan)圍(wei)與對象，充分(fen)精細化管(guan)理(li)(li)目(mu)標。點(dian)(dian)分(fen)為靜(jing)態點(dian)(dian)與動(dong)態點(dian)(dian)，分(fen)布于全(quan)(quan)市的(de)燈(deng)桿作為城市管(guan)理(li)(li)物聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)基本靜(jing)態節(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)，實(shi)現聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)，并(bing)以單(dan)個(ge)燈(deng)桿為管(guan)理(li)(li)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)，拓(tuo)展(zhan)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)周邊約30m范(fan)圍(wei)內的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)標簽與區域(yu)無線(xian)網(wang)(wang)絡監測(ce)應用，如對窨(yin)井蓋(gai)的(de)偵測(ce)、對周圍(wei)視(shi)頻圖(tu)片的(de)捕捉、燈(deng)桿加裝報警(jing)按鈕(niu)的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)等(deng)。同時(shi)分(fen)布于各(ge)個(ge)街道的(de)配電(dian)(dian)箱、排水管(guan)網(wang)(wang)匯(hui)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)、供(gong)熱管(guan)道匯(hui)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)等(deng)都屬于靜(jing)態管(guan)理(li)(li)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)。而動(dong)態點(dian)(dian)，則包括了(le)運動(dong)于全(quan)(quan)市的(de)公交車輛、出租車輛、檢修(xiu)車輛以及(ji)巡查人員，對這些(xie)動(dong)態點(dian)(dian)的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)、調度(du)、指揮，并(bing)拓(tuo)展(zhan)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)的(de)功(gong)能應用，對動(dong)態點(dian)(dian)周邊約30m范(fan)圍(wei)內通過電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)標簽與區域(yu)無線(xian)網(wang)(wang)絡實(shi)現自動(dong)監測(ce)。

    線(xian)(xian)：同(tong)樣分為(wei)靜態(tai)線(xian)(xian)路與動態(tai)線(xian)(xian)路。分布(bu)于全市的照明線(xian)(xian)路、排水管網(wang)、供電線(xian)(xian)路、光纖線(xian)(xian)路等(deng)構成靜態(tai)線(xian)(xian)路網(wang)絡(luo)，而動態(tai)線(xian)(xian)路則包括水、電、汽的動態(tai)流(liu)向，包括公(gong)交車輛、出租車輛、檢修車輛以及(ji)巡查人員的行(xing)動軌跡等(deng)，通過對線(xian)(xian)的管理，實現對城市運行(xing)網(wang)絡(luo)的基本信(xin)息捕(bu)捉。

    面：面的管理依托于點和線，實現對點、線的各(ge)個節點相應職能(neng)的影響范圍分(fen)(fen)析(xi)與統(tong)計，并(bing)實現動態(tai)預警(jing)，提供決策的數據分(fen)(fen)析(xi)基(ji)礎。

    三維(wei)(wei)：三維(wei)(wei)信息(xi)重點包(bao)括地(di)下管(guan)網信息(xi)庫構建，地(di)下管(guan)網由上千公里的供水(shui)、燃氣(qi)、排(pai)水(shui)、電力、通訊等各(ge)類管(guan)線(xian)組成，建立三維(wei)(wei)管(guan)理框(kuang)架，逐步完(wan)善各(ge)類管(guan)線(xian)三維(wei)(wei)數據，是今后系統能夠(gou)有效(xiao)應(ying)用的基礎。而地(di)面三維(wei)(wei)實(shi)景系統則針對重點區(qu)域與(yu)路段(duan)，提(ti)(ti)供景觀、照明、容量(liang)等數據分析，提(ti)(ti)供改造等決策(ce)依據。

    動態(tai)三(san)維：在(zai)點、線、面以(yi)及(ji)三(san)維城市模[FS:PAGE]型(xing)基(ji)礎上，增加動態(tai)運行(xing)(xing)管理，即時間運行(xing)(xing)軸，可對任何時間點的城市運行(xing)(xing)狀況(kuang)進行(xing)(xing)追溯與預測(ce)。

    具(ju)體而言，從以(yi)下幾個(ge)技術應用逐步(bu)推進--數字(zi)化市政(zheng)綜合管(guan)(guan)理(li)平臺建(jian)設：涵蓋(gai)市政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)各個(ge)行業（照明、道(dao)路、橋梁、公交、給排水等等）的(de)統(tong)一調(diao)度管(guan)(guan)理(li)平臺建(jian)設，整合重組已有(you)的(de)監控系(xi)統(tong)，實現各個(ge)系(xi)統(tong)之間的(de)互聯互通，統(tong)一管(guan)(guan)理(li)調(diao)度。

    城(cheng)市(shi)動(dong)態(tai)(tai)三維信(xin)(xin)息系統(tong)建設(she)：在(zai)城(cheng)市(shi)地(di)(di)上地(di)(di)下三維地(di)(di)理(li)(li)信(xin)(xin)息系統(tong)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)上，增加(jia)時間(jian)運行(xing)軸，動(dong)態(tai)(tai)管(guan)理(li)(li)市(shi)政(zheng)行(xing)業涉及(ji)的(de)(de)各(ge)個(ge)(ge)細(xi)小(xiao)物(wu)(wu)件(jian)的(de)(de)動(dong)態(tai)(tai)變(bian)化(hua)，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)照明的(de)(de)明滅、電(dian)流、功率、電(dian)壓(ya)、溫度(du)、濕度(du)，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)各(ge)個(ge)(ge)橋梁的(de)(de)健康狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)、動(dong)態(tai)(tai)承重(zhong)，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)城(cheng)市(shi)各(ge)測(ce)水點動(dong)態(tai)(tai)水位與(yu)(yu)(yu)泵站工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)巡視車(che)輛(liang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)員的(de)(de)當(dang)前(qian)位置與(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)過(guo)程……所有(you)(you)市(shi)政(zheng)日常(chang)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)環(huan)節，在(zai)監控中心(xin)的(de)(de)三維地(di)(di)理(li)(li)信(xin)(xin)息庫中，都能夠通(tong)過(guo)分布(bu)于物(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)傳感系統(tong)實(shi)時掌(zhang)握。市(shi)政(zheng)物(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)建設(she)：包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)擴大傳感網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)覆蓋對(dui)象(xiang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)范圍，大到變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)、箱(xiang)變(bian)、城(cheng)市(shi)照明景觀，小(xiao)到地(di)(di)下管(guan)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)接頭、一盞路(lu)燈燈泡、一個(ge)(ge)窨井(jing)蓋、一個(ge)(ge)深夜(ye)出入在(zai)偏僻區域(yu)的(de)(de)人(ren)，都可以通(tong)過(guo)軟(ruan)硬件(jian)技術，實(shi)現(xian)對(dui)這些監控對(dui)象(xiang)的(de)(de)當(dang)前(qian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)進行(xing)偵測(ce)并(bing)作(zuo)出判斷，大幅(fu)度(du)提升(sheng)城(cheng)市(shi)管(guan)理(li)(li)水平(ping)。通(tong)信(xin)(xin)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)互聯(lian)(lian)平(ping)臺(tai)建設(she)：各(ge)個(ge)(ge)城(cheng)市(shi)現(xian)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)系統(tong)種類繁多，存(cun)在(zai)不(bu)(bu)少重(zhong)復(fu)建設(she)、利用(yong)率不(bu)(bu)均衡等多種問題，如何把(ba)現(xian)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)無線(xian)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)與(yu)(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)線(xian)光纖網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)、公用(yong)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)與(yu)(yu)(yu)專(zhuan)用(yong)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)，整(zheng)合(he)(he)到市(shi)政(zheng)物(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)中，為感知市(shi)政(zheng)服務(wu)，提供合(he)(he)理(li)(li)、有(you)(you)效、便捷(jie)的(de)(de)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)平(ping)臺(tai)，是(shi)(shi)實(shi)現(xian)物(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)前(qian)提基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)。同時，通(tong)信(xin)(xin)協議與(yu)(yu)(yu)標準的(de)(de)統(tong)一整(zheng)合(he)(he)，更是(shi)(shi)實(shi)現(xian)物(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)環(huan)節。

    五 基于物(wu)聯網的(de)數字化城市(shi)管理系(xi)統的(de)幾個重要技(ji)術應用

    1、橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)與管理(li)技(ji)術隨著國家(jia)基礎建設(she)投入越來(lai)越多，橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)建設(she)的現(xian)代化(hua)水平(ping)越來(lai)越高。橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的智能(neng)化(hua)建設(she)顯得越來(lai)越重要。橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)健(jian)康(kang)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)體(ti)(ti)檢(jian)(jian)包(bao)括(kuo)橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)狀態參數(shu)，如應變、壓力、結構(gou)溫(wen)度、空氣噪聲、振動(dong)、位(wei)移、墩船撞荷、撓度、拉(la)索張力等。這些(xie)信息將被送到橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)運營(ying)監(jian)(jian)理(li)部門，構(gou)成橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)管理(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的數(shu)據基礎。綜合(he)(he)(he)業(ye)務的橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)光纖監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)與管理(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)應該是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)集運營(ying)管理(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、安(an)全(quan)監(jian)(jian)視系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、健(jian)康(kang)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)體(ti)(ti)檢(jian)(jian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)于一(yi)體(ti)(ti)的綜合(he)(he)(he)業(ye)務信息收發平(ping)臺。橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)與管理(li)技(ji)術涵蓋橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)超載(zai)動(dong)態監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)運營(ying)管理(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、安(an)全(quan)監(jian)(jian)視系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、健(jian)康(kang)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)體(ti)(ti)檢(jian)(jian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)視頻監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)等多種(zhong)(zhong)橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)安(an)全(quan)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，該綜合(he)(he)(he)性(xing)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)不僅能(neng)夠(gou)很(hen)好的監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)車(che)輛運行情(qing)況(kuang)，而且能(neng)夠(gou)實[FS:PAGE]時(shi)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的運行安(an)全(quan)以及橋梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的損壞(huai)等多種(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)。

    2、市(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)地下(xia)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)綜合管(guan)(guan)理和預警技術屬于包頭(tou)市(shi)市(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)程管(guan)(guan)理處管(guan)(guan)理范圍(wei)的(de)(de)地下(xia)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)包括：路燈管(guan)(guan)線(xian)、排(pai)水管(guan)(guan)道、供熱管(guan)(guan)道等，系(xi)統(tong)根據(ju)(ju)管(guan)(guan)網記錄的(de)(de)地理信息以及地形圖數據(ju)(ju)，自動(dong)生成管(guan)(guan)網的(de)(de)橫斷面圖、縱剖(pou)面圖。也可以根據(ju)(ju)市(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)各類管(guan)(guan)網相互的(de)(de)連接關系(xi)自動(dong)生成管(guan)(guan)網的(de)(de)三維立(li)體圖，用戶可以根據(ju)(ju)自己的(de)(de)需要選擇觀察(cha)任意位置(zhi)和任意方向的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)網參數屬性信息。

    同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，分布于地下管(guan)(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)的(de)各個在(zai)線(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)傳感系統(tong)，將路燈管(guan)(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)的(de)電流、電壓(ya)、功率，排水(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道的(de)水(shui)壓(ya)、流量，供熱管(guan)(guan)(guan)道的(de)氣壓(ya)、流量、溫度、供水(shui)回水(shui)等監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)實(shi)時(shi)(shi)傳輸到數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)心，并在(zai)地理信息系統(tong)平(ping)臺和(he)三維模型中(zhong)(zhong)動態(tai)顯(xian)示。當在(zai)線(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)出現(xian)異常(chang)，系統(tong)按照設定的(de)告警(jing)機制，動態(tai)預警(jing)并及時(shi)(shi)采取應急預案，實(shi)現(xian)城市(shi)市(shi)政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理的(de)動態(tai)三維化，提升城市(shi)建設管(guan)(guan)(guan)理的(de)精細化水(shui)平(ping)。

    3、基于線(xian)路智能穩壓的節能技術

    智能節電器技(ji)術已經廣泛(fan)應用，降壓節能的(de)(de)(de)幅度直接決定了實(shi)際光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)度與(yu)光(guang)(guang)源工(gong)作狀(zhuang)態(tai)，在每個(ge)光(guang)(guang)源的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作狀(zhuang)態(tai)實(shi)時掌握的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，可以更(geng)為精確地(di)控制照(zhao)明電壓，真正實(shi)現"按(an)需節能"。

    在國(guo)內許多已建數(shu)字化照明系統(tong)中，實現了節電技(ji)術與監控技(ji)術的(de)整合(he)，達到"管理節能(neng)"與"技(ji)術節能(neng)"的(de)科學平衡(heng)，有效避免了"盲目節能(neng)"、"節能(neng)不節費(fei)"的(de)情況發生。

    ☆基于IGBT電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技(ji)(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)智能節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)該類(lei)設(she)備采用獨立(li)連續(xu)調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)疊加(jia)補(bu)償(chang)式有載(zai)(zai)調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術。由(you)于采用了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)疊加(jia)補(bu)償(chang)式有載(zai)(zai)調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術，就確保了節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)設(she)備的(de)(de)高(gao)可靠性指標及(ji)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網環境的(de)(de)無諧波污染。同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)疊加(jia)補(bu)償(chang)式變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)使用，實(shi)現了調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)控制過(guo)程(cheng)中，照(zhao)明(ming)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)始終不斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。獨立(li)連續(xu)調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)控制技(ji)(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)使用，又(you)保證(zheng)了調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)連續(xu)穩定變(bian)化，不影響照(zhao)明(ming)光源設(she)備的(de)(de)正常照(zhao)明(ming)，不影響路燈照(zhao)明(ming)系統的(de)(de)亮(liang)燈率指標。

    ☆照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)遠程(cheng)聯網(wang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制技(ji)術(shu)根據CJJ45-2006《城市(shi)道路照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)設計標準》要(yao)求(qiu)，對(dui)進(jin)(jin)入深夜的(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)環境，由(you)于(yu)人流、車流均(jun)有大(da)幅度下降(jiang)，道路照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)標準可(ke)以降(jiang)低一個等級。同(tong)(tong)時，對(dui)某些特(te)殊應用(yong)場合，如(ru)特(te)殊日(ri)期的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊集會活動(dong)等，需要(yao)提供較高的(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)環境標準要(yao)求(qiu)，而當(dang)特(te)殊日(ri)期變成普通日(ri)期后(hou)，照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)標準又可(ke)以降(jiang)低到常規要(yao)求(qiu)。因此，要(yao)實(shi)現這樣的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，必須可(ke)實(shi)現進(jin)(jin)行按時間(jian)、地(di)點、場合（Time/Palce/Ocaasion）的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)進(jin)(jin)行不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)等級控(kong)(kong)(kong)[FS:PAGE]制，也即不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)輸(shu)(shu)出功率、照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制。由(you)于(yu)我們(men)選擇的(de)(de)(de)方案采用(yong)了照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)遠程(cheng)聯網(wang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制技(ji)術(shu)，這樣就能非常方便、靈(ling)活地(di)按照(zhao)需要(yao)對(dui)每臺安裝在(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)地(di)點的(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、功率及光源(yuan)輸(shu)(shu)出照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)照(zhao)度進(jin)(jin)行控(kong)(kong)(kong)制。從而保證整個夜晚道路照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)期間(jian)，雖(sui)然進(jin)(jin)行了道路照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)節(jie)能節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)措(cuo)施，道路照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)標準是嚴格受控(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)，所實(shi)現的(de)(de)(de)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)節(jie)能是：

    1）避免了深夜道(dao)路照明(ming)標(biao)準(zhun)過高而造成的浪(lang)費，所節約到的能源；

    2）避(bi)免了(le)深(shen)夜道路(lu)供電(dian)電(dian)壓過高而造(zao)成的(de)能源(yuan)浪費，所節約到的(de)能源(yuan)。

    因此(ci)，合(he)理的節(jie)能方案是在(zai)不(bu)降低道路(lu)照(zhao)(zhao)明設計(ji)標準的前提下，通過對路(lu)燈供電電壓實施(shi)遠程TPO動(dong)態控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，達到對道路(lu)照(zhao)(zhao)明照(zhao)(zhao)度動(dong)態控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，實現真正的"按需照(zhao)(zhao)明"，避免不(bu)必(bi)要的照(zhao)(zhao)明浪費，實現"按需節(jie)能"。

    ☆自動閉環調壓穩(wen)(wen)壓功(gong)能影響照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命的(de)(de)主要因(yin)素就是照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)必須具有(you)自動穩(wen)(wen)壓功(gong)能。中國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)科(ke)五十所研制(zhi)的(de)(de)智(zhi)能照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)了32位PhilipsARM工業控(kong)制(zhi)級處理器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，μC/OSII嵌入(ru)式操作系統，管理軟件運行(xing)穩(wen)(wen)定可(ke)靠(kao)。節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)時自動采(cai)(cai)集輸入(ru)、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，輸出(chu)功(gong)率等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣參數(shu)，采(cai)(cai)樣精度達1%。節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)閉環智(zhi)能、自動調壓穩(wen)(wen)壓控(kong)制(zhi)方式工作，自動根(gen)據設(she)定的(de)(de)輸出(chu)目(mu)標電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)，和采(cai)(cai)樣檢測到(dao)的(de)(de)輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓數(shu)值(zhi)比較，計算確定最(zui)佳的(de)(de)降壓調壓范圍，確保經過節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輸出(chu)的(de)(de)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，始終符合(he)設(she)定的(de)(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓標準，保證每盞路(lu)燈(deng)的(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不低于198V。同時，還(huan)能及時根(gen)據輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變(bian)化自動調節(jie)(jie)降壓范圍，始終保證最(zui)大降壓數(shu)值(zhi)，確保獲得最(zui)好的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)點效果。

    4、電子條形碼(ma)與電子標簽RFID技術(shu)

    條(tiao)形碼(ma)與(yu)電子(zi)標(biao)簽(qian)RFID技術(shu)已經廣泛應用(yong)于日常(chang)生活以(yi)及交通(tong)、安防等(deng)領(ling)域，在城市管理中，通(tong)過此項(xiang)技術(shu)與(yu)物聯網的(de)(de)結合，可以(yi)有效(xiao)監(jian)測(ce)各細(xi)小物件的(de)(de)位置變化(hua)，實現(xian)對(dui)以(yi)前無法(fa)觸及到的(de)(de)細(xi)小環節的(de)(de)有效(xiao)管理。作為城市市政的(de)(de)基礎(chu)單元，燈桿(gan)、井蓋(gai)(gai)分布于全(quan)市各個(ge)(ge)角落，每個(ge)(ge)燈桿(gan)、井蓋(gai)(gai)的(de)(de)編(bian)號與(yu)條(tiao)形碼(ma)或(huo)電子(zi)標(biao)簽(qian)RFID的(de)(de)結合，精確管理、定(ding)位全(quan)市市政和照明設(she)施，實現(xian)對(dui)所有市政設(she)施使用(yong)的(de)(de)全(quan)程跟(gen)蹤(zong)，將極大(da)提(ti)高城市市政設(she)施的(de)(de)管理效(xiao)率與(yu)動(dong)(dong)態調度管理能(neng)力(li)。此項(xiang)技術(shu)的(de)(de)具體(ti)實施，需要按現(xian)有的(de)(de)管理流程作出規劃，對(dui)各個(ge)(ge)物資器(qi)(qi)材進行(xing)合理編(bian)號并結合器(qi)(qi)材自身的(de)(de)條(tiao)形碼(ma)或(huo)RFID電子(zi)標(biao)簽(qian)，對(dui)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)進貨(huo)、出庫、安裝、維護維修進行(xing)全(quan)程跟(gen)蹤(zong)，管理人員可以(yi)通(tong)過手動(dong)(dong)輸(shu)入[FS:PAGE]編(bian)號、條(tiao)形碼(ma)掃(sao)描、手機條(tiao)形碼(ma)識別或(huo)電子(zi)標(biao)簽(qian)閱讀器(qi)(qi)等(deng)多(duo)種方式，對(dui)設(she)備(bei)進行(xing)查(cha)詢與(yu)狀(zhuang)態更新。

    同時，結合地(di)理信(xin)(xin)息系統，巡查人員可(ke)以通(tong)過手持設備(bei)(bei)掃(sao)描(miao)現場設備(bei)(bei)的條形碼(ma)或識別(bie)其電子標(biao)簽，快速掌握此設備(bei)(bei)的所(suo)有進貨、安裝、維護以及故障信(xin)(xin)息，以便于對突發故障的迅速處理。

    5、基于視(shi)頻識(shi)別、市(shi)政物聯網(wang)(wang)的綜合防(fang)盜網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)技術

    基于3G無線網絡或光纖網絡，運(yun)用(yong)低照度攝(she)像(xiang)技術和(he)先進(jin)的視頻識(shi)別軟件(jian)，可(ke)對重點區域與路段進(jin)行視頻巡檢，發現(xian)(xian)可(ke)疑人員(yuan)有指定違法行為，可(ke)現(xian)(xian)場自(zi)動(dong)警示、錄像(xiang)并通知值班人員(yuan)。同時，隨著物聯網技術逐(zhu)步應用(yong)，各個市政設備(bei)設施，大到箱變、車輛(liang)，小到燈泡(pao)、井蓋，均可(ke)利用(yong)物聯網基礎實現(xian)(xian)實時監控管(guan)理。

    六 綜述

    包頭市(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)政工程管理(li)(li)處和中(zhong)國電科五十所將結合(he)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)數字化(hua)市(shi)(shi)政監控(kong)與(yu)管理(li)(li)系統建設(she)經(jing)驗，通(tong)過感(gan)(gan)知中(zhong)國、感(gan)(gan)知市(shi)(shi)政、感(gan)(gan)知照明(ming)，將城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)管理(li)(li)中(zhong)各個行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)所有信息、元(yuan)件通(tong)過物聯網(wang)(wang)有機的(de)(de)(de)結合(he)起來，其(qi)目的(de)(de)(de)是讓市(shi)(shi)政管理(li)(li)和城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)建設(she)管理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)各種對(dui)象與(yu)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)連接，能夠感(gan)(gan)知、方便識別和提高管理(li)(li)水(shui)平(ping)，從傳感(gan)(gan)網(wang)(wang)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)深度(du)、廣度(du)、整(zheng)合(he)性(xing)著(zhu)手，全面發展數字化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)、數字化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)管、數字化(hua)市(shi)(shi)政、數字化(hua)照明(ming)。

    系(xi)統(tong)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)將積極(ji)圍繞(rao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)我國(guo)西部地區經濟強市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)創(chuang)建(jian)(jian)國(guo)家生態(tai)園林城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)發展目標(biao)，結合包頭市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)管理(li)(li)的(de)工(gong)作實(shi)際，借(jie)鑒國(guo)際國(guo)內先進城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)數字化(hua)管理(li)(li)的(de)成功經驗(yan)，立足于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)管理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制、機(ji)制和(he)(he)方式的(de)創(chuang)新，切(qie)實(shi)發揮(hui)政府的(de)公共(gong)(gong)管理(li)(li)和(he)(he)公共(gong)(gong)服(fu)務(wu)職能，應(ying)用(yong)物聯網(wang)技術、現代信息技術、虛(xu)擬現實(shi)技術、無線通(tong)訊(xun)技術、工(gong)作流技術、多媒(mei)體(ti)(ti)技術等高新技術手段，整合城(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)信息資源，創(chuang)新城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)管理(li)(li)模式，有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)增強管理(li)(li)效(xiao)(xiao)能，建(jian)(jian)立覆蓋市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)區，面向城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)管理(li)(li)與服(fu)務(wu)的(de)數字化(hua)管理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，提(ti)高城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)科(ke)學決策水平，實(shi)現城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管理(li)(li)的(de)信息化(hua)、標(biao)準化(hua)、精細化(hua)、動態(tai)化(hua)，長(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)，全(quan)面提(ti)升城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品位(wei)和(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)基礎設(she)(she)施對城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經濟和(he)(he)人民(min)生活的(de)服(fu)務(wu)功能和(he)(he)承載(zai)能力。